答：
宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语,通俗的说就是一个句子做另一个句子的宾语.
如： I think you are a good student. 动词后面的句子是宾语从句，做主语谓语动词的宾语。
状语从句在句子中作状语，可修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句由从属连词所引导。
状语从句根据它们的含义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件等八种。
如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to school. 这是一件条件状语从句，表示假设的情况，用if引导。
连词相同时的宾语从句和状语从句的区分
eg. 1） I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.
2） I don't know if the train has arrived.
句1）中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don't know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。
判断方法：
1．可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
2．从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当……的时候”。
3．从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来
学习宾语从句的4个注意事项
1.连接词
宾语从句通常由that, if, whether 和连接代词what, which, who, whom及连接副词when, where ,how, why等连接.其中that 连接一个陈述句做宾语,在中语中that可以省略;除that以外的连接词连接一个一般疑问句做宾语,且疑问句语序改为陈述句．连接代词及连接副词其实就是特殊疑问句的疑问代词和疑问副词，连接一个特殊疑问句做宾语，语序改为陈述句．
She knows (that) she should study hard.她知道她应该努力学习.
He asked me if he could come in.他问我他是否能进来 .
Can you tell me which class you are in? 你能告诉我,你在哪个班吗?
2.时态一致(即主句的时态与从句的时态相一致)
<1>宾语从句中如果主句是现在的时态,从句的时态可根据实际情况而定.
I know he lives in Xi'an 我知道他住在西安
I know he lived in Xi'an several years ago.我知道他几年前住在西安.
I know he has lived in Xi'an for ten years. 我知道他住在西安有十年了.
<2>宾语从句中如果主句是过去的时态,那么从句的时态一定要用相应的过去进态.即:
一般现在时----- 一般过去时
一般将来时----- 过去将来时
现在进行时 ---- 过去进行时
现在完成时 ---- 进去完成时
Lin Tao konos (现在时) who lives (现在时) here.
Lin Tao knew (过去时) who [u]lived (进去时) here.
He has said (现在完成时) that he has seen it .
He said that he had seen it .
I say that she is reading
I said that she was reading
3.语序的变化
凡宾语从句都必须是陈述句主语序,这一点非常很重要.
<1> 陈述句; Lin Tao is a clever man.
宾语从句：He said that Lin Tao was a clever man.
<2> 一般疑问句：
Does he go home every day?
宾语从句：I wonder if / whether he goes home every day.
<3>特殊疑问句： What did she want to do?
宾语从句：I don't know what she wanted to do.
4.人称，地点，时间等的变化
在进行句型转换和合并句子的训练中，有些人称， 地点状语，时间状语要根据主句做相应的变化．
<1> I will eat as much as I can,Polly says.
Polly says that she will eat as much as she can.
<2> I've lived here since I was 3 years old, Mike says.
Mike says that he has lived there since he was 3 years old.
<3>Lin Tao is singing now,he told me .
He told me that Lin Tao was singing at that moment.
状语从句
1 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when（当…时），as（当，一边…一边），while（在…期间），after（在…之后），before（在…之前），as soon as（一…就）， since（自从）， till（或until，直到），whenever（任何时候）等。
I was reading the newspaper when he came in.
他进来的时候我正在看报纸。
While he was staying abroad, he visited many scenic spots.
他在国外期间参观了许多风景区。
As they walked along, the students sang happily.
学生们一边走一边高兴地唱歌。
As soon as I left my house, it began to rain.
我刚一离开家，就下起雨来了。
After he put on his raincoat, he went out.
他穿上雨衣后就出去了。
I must wait till the doctor comes.
我必须等到医生来。
Great changes have taken place in Xiamen since Hong Yongshi became Mayor.
洪永世任市长以来厦门发生了巨大变化。
2 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
3方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
4 原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
5 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
6 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolishsuch a fool
so nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many peoplesuch a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
7 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. untilC. ifD. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
8 让步状语从句
though, although
注意：当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. WhenB. HoweverC. Although D. Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
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