【现在分词知识点总结】
现在分词在句中通常可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语,所起的作用相当于形容词或副词。
一、现在分词的形式
1.现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。
例如:The students standing there are from Class Three.站在那里的学生来自三班。
The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October.那位编辑现在正在翻译的英文小说将在10月份完成。
2.现在分词的完成式由“having+动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having+been+动词过去分词”。
例如:Having finished all the work,they had a good rest.结束了所有的工作后,他们好好地休息了一下。
Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood,the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far.由于童年时相貌被嘲笑,男孩至今仍然对自己的形象很敏感。
3.现在分词的否定式为“not+动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not+having+动词过去分词”。
例如:Not reading carefully,he wouldn’t find many things he had not known before.不认真读书,他就不会发现许多以前从来不知道的东西。
Not being noticed by the public,the young writer felt a little pity.没被公众所关注,年轻的作家感到有点遗憾。
Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.没有回应,因此他决定再写一封信。
二、现在分词的用法
1.作定语
现在分词作定语,具有形容词的性质。一般说来,单个的现在分词一般可以前置作定语,修饰名词;如果现在分词构成分词短语则后置作定语。
例如:Keep quiet.Don't wake up the sleeping children.请安静。不要吵醒睡觉的孩子们。We live in a room facing the south.我们住在一间朝南的房间里。
2.作表语
现在分词作表语时总是放在系动词的后面,构成系表结构,表示主语的状态。
例如:The story sounds interesting.这故事听起来很有趣。
The promising future is more encouraging than ever before.有希望的未来比以前更鼓舞人心。
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.会议要推迟,真是恼人。
3.作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语,通常用在感官动词或使役动词的宾语后面,表示主动或动作正在进行。
例如:Some people leave the water running after washing hands.有些人洗完手后就让水依然哗哗地流着。
When I found him cheating me,I decided not to accept his flatteries and apologies any more.当我发现他欺骗我时,我决定再不接受他的奉承和道歉了。
4.作状语
现在分词作状语,相当于一个表示原因、时间、方式、条件、结果等情况的状语从句。根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。
1)表示时间,相当于状语从句when,while。
例如:He went through the papers while listening to music.他边浏览报纸,边听音乐。
Studying at the hometown,I enjoyed the happiest time during my life.在家乡学习的时候,我享受了这一生最快乐的时光。
2)表示条件,相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
例如:Preparing fully,we are sure to pass the test.如果准备充分,我们肯定能通过考试。
对比:Given once more time,I will finish the task!假如再给我一次机会,我会完成任务的!
3)表示原因,相当于原因状语从句because,since,for,as,etc.
例如:Not understanding the relationship between the two cases,I asked the lawyer about it.由于不明白两个案子之间的关系,我咨询了律师。
Being ill,she can't go to work today.因为生病,今天她不能上班了。
4)表示让步,相当于though,although或no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句。
例如:Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.尽管了解了这一切,他们还是让我赔偿损失。
Although working hard every day,we still have endless work to deal with.我们即使每天拼命干活,还是有处理不完的工作。
5)表示结果,相当于结果状语从句。
例如:His parents'letter has just come,relieving him from anxiety.他父母的来信刚刚到,可解了他的焦躁了。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam,causing the delay.他们的车遇上了交通堵塞,结果耽搁了。
6)表示方式或伴随状语。
例如:They lay on the grass,looking at the sky.他们躺在草地上,仰望着填空。
The children ran out of the room,laughing and jumping.孩子们从房间里跑出来,欢笑着,蹦跳着。
【现在分词考点分析】
1.现在分词做定语;
2.现在分词作表语;
3.现在分词做宾补;
4.现在分词作状语。
【现在分词知识点误区】
1.现在分词的语法功能;2.现在分词的翻译方法;3.现在分词作表语一般翻译为:令人……的;4.常见的没有被动结构的单词或者词组,如:happen,occur,take place.,belong to,break out等;5.现在分词作状语的时候,它的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。
【典型例题】
1.Getting out of the car,________.
A.A policeman caught him B.he was caught by a policeman
C.Some people saw him D.a policeman ran to him
答案:B
解析:错选ACD。
因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语getting out of the car的逻辑主语应是“he”,而不是a policeman,some people等。
2.The secretary worked late into the night,________ a long speech for the president.
A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing
答案:B
解析:错选D。
根据这一空之前的逗号可知此处是非谓语动词,所以不选D,非谓语动词作状语要分析主句的主语和作状语的动词之间的关系,此处主句的主语是the secretary和作状语的动作prepare之间构成主动,所以要用ing形式作主语,表示伴随的动作。